Gnathostomulida
Jaw Worms
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The root of the current tree connects the organisms featured in this tree to their containing group and the rest of the Tree of Life. The basal branching point in the tree represents the ancestor of the other groups in the tree. This ancestor diversified over time into several descendent subgroups, which are represented as internal nodes and terminal taxa to the right.
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Ax, P. 1956. Die Gnathostomulida, eine rätselhafte Wurmgruppe aus dem Meeressand. Abhandlungen der Akademie für Wissenschaft und Literatur Mainz, Mathematisch-naturwissenschaftliche Klasse 8:1–32.
Herlyn, H. and U. Ehlers. 1997. Ultrastructure and function of the pharynx of Gnathostomula paradoxa (Gnathostomulida). Zoomorphology 117:135-145.
Littlewood, D. T. J., M. J. Telford, K. A. Clough, K. Rohde. 1998. Gnathostomulida - an enigmatic metazoan phylum from both morphological and molecular perspectives. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 9:72-79.
Sørensen, M. V. 2000. An SEM study of the jaws of Haplognathia rosea and Rastrognathia macrostoma (Gnathostomulida), with a preliminary comparison with the rotiferan trophi. Acta Zoologica 81:9-16.
Sørensen, M. V. 2002. Phylogeny and jaw evolution in Gnathostomulida, with a cladistic analysis of the genera. Zoologica Scripta 31:461-480.
Sørensen, M. V. and W. Sterrer. 2002. New characters in the gnathostomulid mouth parts revealed by scanning electron microscopy. Journal of Morphology 253:310-334.
Sterrer, W. 1971 . On the biology of Gnathostomulida. Vie et Milieu Suppl. 22:493-508.
Sterrer, W. 1972. Systematics and evolution within the Gnathostomulida. Systematic Zoology 21:151-173.
Sterrer, W., M. Mainitz, and R. M. Rieger. 1985. Gnathostomulida: Enigmatic as ever. Pages 181–199 in The Origins and Relationships of Lower Invertebrates. S. Conway Morris, J. D. George, R. Gibson, and H. M. Platt (eds.). The Systematics Association and Clarendon Press, Oxford, England.
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Tree of Life Web Project. 2002. Gnathostomulida. Jaw Worms. Version 01 January 2002 (temporary). http://tolweb.org/Gnathostomulida/2481/2002.01.01 in The Tree of Life Web Project, http://tolweb.org/