Acanthocephala
spiny-headed worms, thorny-headed worms
This tree diagram shows the relationships between several groups of organisms.
The root of the current tree connects the organisms featured in this tree to their containing group and the rest of the Tree of Life. The basal branching point in the tree represents the ancestor of the other groups in the tree. This ancestor diversified over time into several descendent subgroups, which are represented as internal nodes and terminal taxa to the right.
You can click on the root to travel down the Tree of Life all the way to the root of all Life, and you can click on the names of descendent subgroups to travel up the Tree of Life all the way to individual species.
For more information on ToL tree formatting, please see Interpreting the Tree or Classification. To learn more about phylogenetic trees, please visit our Phylogenetic Biology pages.
close boxReferences
Amin, O.M. 1985. Classification. Pages 22–71 in: Biology of the Acanthocephala. B. B. Nickol and D. W. T. Crompton, eds. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
Amin, O.M. 1987. Key to the families and subfamilies of Acanthocephala with the erection of a new class (Polyacanthocephala) and a new order (Polyacanthorhynchida). J. Parasitol. 73:1216–1219.
Conway Morris, S. and D. W. T. Crompton. 1982. The origins and evolution of the Acanthocephala. Biological Reviews of the Cambridge Philosophical Society 57:85–115.
Crompton, D. W. T. and B. B. Nickol, eds. 1985. Biology of the Acanthocephala. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK.
Dunagan, T. T. and D. M. Miller. 1991. Acanthocephala. Pages 299–332 in: Microscopic Anatomy of Invertebrates Vol. 4, F. W. Harrison, ed., Wiley-Liss.
García-Varela, M., M. P. Cummings, G. Pérez-Ponce de León, S. L. Gardner and J. P. Laclette. 2002. analysis based on 18S ribosomal RNA gene sequences supports the existence of class polyacanthocephala (acanthocephala). Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 23:288-292.
García-Varelam M. and S. A. Nadler. 2005. Phylogenetic relationships of Palaeacanthocephala (Acanthocephala) inferred from SSU and LSU rDNA gene sequences. J. Parasitol. 91:1401–1409.
García-Varela, M., G. Pérez-Ponce de León, P. De la Torre, M. P. Cummings, S. S. S. Sarma and J. P. Laclette. 2000. Phylogenetic relationships of Acanthocephala based on analysis of 18S ribosomal RNA gene sequences. Journal of Molecular Evolution 50:532–540.
Garey, J. R., T. J. Near, M. R. Nonnemacher, and S. A. Nadler. 1996. Molecular evidence for Acanthocephala as a subtaxon of Rotifera. Journal of Molecular Evolution 43:287-292.
Garey, J. R., A. Schmidt-Rhaesa, T. J. Near, and S. A. Nadler. 1998. The evolutionary relationships of rotifers and acanthocephalans. Hydrobiologia 387:83-91.
Herlyn, H., O. Piskurek, J. Schmitz, U. Ehlers, and H. Zischler. 2003. The syndermatan phylogeny and the evolution of acanthocephalan endoparasitism as inferred from 18S rDNA sequences. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 26:155–164.
Mark Welch, D. B. 2000. Evidence from a protein-coding gene that acanthocephalans are rotifers. Invertebrate Biology 119:17-26.
Miquelis, A., J.-F. Martin, E. W. Carson, G. Brun, and André Gilles. 2000. Performance of 18S rDNA helix E23 for phylogenetic relationships within and between the Rotifera–Acanthocephala clades. C.R. Acad. Sci. Paris, Sciences de la vie/Life Sciences 323:925–941.
Monks, S. 2001. Phylogeny of the Acanthocephala based on morphological characters. Systematic Parasitology 48:81–116.
Near, T. J. 2002. Acanthocephalan phylogeny and the evolution of parasitism. Integr. Comp. Biol. 42:668–677.
Near, T. J., J. R. Garey, and S. A. Nadler. 1998. Phylogenetic relationships of the acanthocephala inferred from 18S ribosomal DNA sequences. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 10:287–298.
Nickol, B. B. and D. W. T. Crompton. 1985. Biology of Acanthocephala. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
Zrzavy, J. 2001. The interrelationships of metazoan parasites: a review of phylum- and higher-level hypotheses from recent morphological and molecular phylogenetic analyses. Folia Parasitologica 48:81-103.
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- Content changed 28 July 2006
Citing this page:
Tree of Life Web Project. 2006. Acanthocephala. spiny-headed worms, thorny-headed worms. Version 28 July 2006 (temporary). http://tolweb.org/Acanthocephala/20452/2006.07.28 in The Tree of Life Web Project, http://tolweb.org/